April 19, 2014
— LauraW




Posted by: LauraW at
05:35 PM
| Comments (174)
Post contains 14 words, total size 1 kb.
Posted by: Anna Puma (+SmuD) at April 19, 2014 05:36 PM (JgpFm)
Posted by: Niedermeyer's Dead Horse at April 19, 2014 05:36 PM (DmNpO)
Posted by: Navycopjoe at April 19, 2014 05:37 PM (WqqJb)
When designing the building, the chief structural engineer, William J. LeMessurier, had to deal with the complication that one of the corners of the site was occupied by St. Peter's Lutheran Church. The church was an old building, and part of the deal was that a new church was to be built in the same location. Citibank was to be allowed to occupy the other three corners of the site, plus Citibank could use the space above the church itself. Normally, if a building is to be constructed that is suspended above the ground, the supports would be located at the 4 corners. But, with the church taking up one of the corners, that support location was not available. So, the architect came up with a design that moved the 4 supporting columns from the corners to the middle of each side (see the underside picture link below).
One of the things that structural engineers have to do when designing a building is to take into account how the building will deal with the resulting stresses in the event of high winds. The highest stresses will come from winds that hit the building at a perpendicular angle, striking the building directly on the face of one of its sides. At least that's the case in a normal building where the strongest points are the corners. But, believe it or not, when they calculated the potential stresses on this building with its radical design, they did not take into account the fact that the corners were no longer the anchors of the building. The 4 corners of the building are literally nothing but air at their bases. However, the building was ok'd, construction was completed, and the building was occupied in 1977.
In 1978, an undergraduate architecture student, assigned to write a paper for a class, contacted LeMessurier to inquire how the building dealt with the stresses resulting from quartering winds. That is, winds that hit the building at an angle so that they are coming straight at one of the corners. This was the first that LeMessurier took a look at his design and considered how his building would deal with those stresses. What he found was troubling. Short version: New York City experiences winds strong enough to knock the building over on average of once every 16 years.
However, there were a number of mitigating factors. First, the building had a "tuned mass damper". This is a mechanism which was put in place not for safety reasons, but for comfort. It is meant to dampen out the sway of the building so that people inside would not feel the effects of the building as it sways, something that is common in high-rises. But, the effects of this mechanism would also combat against the potential stresses caused by quartering winds, enough so that instead of having to worry about the strong winds that hit NY every 16 years, the winds they had to worry about only come along every 55 years. They still had a problem, but a smaller one. Well, except that the tuned mass damper is powered by electricity. And, of course, something that occasionally occurs in high wind conditions (like hurricanes) is that the power gets knocked out. So, they were back to the 16 year problem.
Another factor is that when designing the buildings infrastructure, the design called for a series of V shaped structures (chevrons) to be welded into place in the buildingÂ’s framing. The chevrons direct the weight of the building away from the corners towards the center of each edge. During the construction phase, the subcontractor requested that in order to save money they be permitted to bolt the chevrons together instead of welding. The architect approved the modification, as the building would still be within his (incorrectly) calculated safety margins.
Turns out that it was those two factors combined that added up to a potential disaster: the bolted chevrons in tandem with the initially unconsidered quartering winds. Obviously, nothing could be done to stop the wind from blowing, but if they were to go back in and weld those joints, the building would come back into the needed safety margins. So that's what they did. Over the next 8 weeks, every night after the building's workers went home, construction crews came in and worked on welding those joints together.
Obviously, this is an old story. But, not as old as you might think. I first came across it in a recent Slashdot piece. They were making note of a Slate piece. Slate was basically regurgitating the facts from a piece at a place called 99% Invisible. 99% Invisible was retelling the story, plus adding some new reporting of their own (they found the student that first raised the quartering wind issue). Although the events occurred in 1978, they did not initially get reported until 1995.
When the problems were first discovered by the building's designers (and Citibank), they came up with their plan to fix the building. To their credit, they also employed the use of three weather services to get any warnings about windstorms that might have threatened the building. They also worked out an evacuation plan with the Red Cross and the NYPD. But, the regular workers in the building, the workers and residents in the surrounding neighborhoods, as well as the general public, were all kept in the dark. There were some initial inquiries about the Red Cross involvement from a reporter from New York Daily News. He had heard about their work on an evacuation plan from a friend of a friend. Citibank flat out lied to the reporter, telling him that they didn't know what the Red Cross was up to. Shortly after, the New York newspaper strike of 1978 began, so that was then end of press inquiries at the time.
The story didn't come out until 17 years later, in 1995, when a reporter from The New Yorker heard the story at a cocktail party and then wrote about it. The following year, in 1996, the BBC did a 30 minute documentary on it. All 3 parts are up on YouTube. Part 1 is embedded at the 99% Invisible link. 99% Invisible also has a pdf of the original New Yorker piece.
Links:
Main Article: 99% Invisible:
http://tinyurl.com/lhflcmm
Picture: Citibank Building, Manhattan skyline:
http://tinyurl.com/lwglbp4
Picture: Citibank Building, includes underside:
http://tinyurl.com/l7x4yxy
Posted by: Anon Y. Mous at April 19, 2014 05:38 PM (IN7k+)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 05:38 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: Costanza Defense at April 19, 2014 05:40 PM (ZPrif)
Posted by: Guido at April 19, 2014 05:40 PM (GYg/s)
Posted by: Soothie § at April 19, 2014 05:40 PM (4IOqE)
Posted by: Ricardo Kill at April 19, 2014 05:41 PM (VOHex)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 05:42 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 05:43 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: Blue Falcon in Boston at April 19, 2014 05:44 PM (A1Dcl)
Posted by: Soothie § at April 19, 2014 05:44 PM (4IOqE)
Posted by: AltonJackson at April 19, 2014 05:45 PM (KCxzN)
Posted by: Chef at April 19, 2014 05:47 PM (mx5oN)
So this week was my son's 13th birthday. I asked him what kind of cake he would like. He came up with this crazy concoction. Vanilla cupcake with vanilla butter cream frosting in the middle with ice cream on top with a chocolate topping. OK, no problem. Homemade butter cream check. Use the piping bag for the frosting in the middle, check. Ice cream on top. Homemade magic shell chocolate coating, check. His reaction? "It's OK*shrug*".
Ahhhhhhhh! I spent all day making what he asked for!! 13 years old!!!
I thought they were good. Never again.
Posted by: SnowyBits at April 19, 2014 05:47 PM (tIBVf)
Posted by: Y-not at April 19, 2014 05:47 PM (zDsvJ)
Posted by: Arbalest at April 19, 2014 05:47 PM (FlRtG)
Posted by: shredded chi at April 19, 2014 05:49 PM (CXOJw)
Posted by: alexthechick - Oh save us mighty SMOD at April 19, 2014 05:49 PM (dMSj2)
Posted by: SnowyBits at April 19, 2014 05:49 PM (tIBVf)
Posted by: AltonJackson at April 19, 2014 05:50 PM (KCxzN)
Posted by: Anna Puma (+SmuD) at April 19, 2014 05:50 PM (JgpFm)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 05:50 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: AmishDude at April 19, 2014 05:50 PM (1UzRc)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 05:51 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: Joe Biden at April 19, 2014 05:52 PM (aDwsi)
Posted by: Niedermeyer's Dead Horse at April 19, 2014 05:52 PM (DmNpO)
Posted by: SnowyBits at April 19, 2014 05:52 PM (tIBVf)
Posted by: Niedermeyer's Dead Horse at April 19, 2014 05:53 PM (DmNpO)
Posted by: Peaches at April 19, 2014 05:53 PM (8lmkt)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 05:53 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: Lester at April 19, 2014 05:54 PM (2UPXV)
Posted by: BCochran1981 - Credible Hulk at April 19, 2014 05:54 PM (GEICT)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 05:55 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: Lester at April 19, 2014 09:54 PM (2UPXV)
Don't even try . . . yell out, I think somebody's trying to break in, you guys hide and I'll check the garage.
Posted by: Peaches at April 19, 2014 05:56 PM (8lmkt)
Posted by: Niedermeyer's Dead Horse at April 19, 2014 05:56 PM (DmNpO)
I'm out for the evening, resting up for tomorrow's festivities. Happy Easter to everyone.
Posted by: SnowyBits at April 19, 2014 05:57 PM (tIBVf)
And when he complained to Frank Lloyd Wrong, the answer was, "That's what you get for leaving a work of art out in the rain."
And yet, compared to even-more-modern concoctions, it's the Rock O'Gibraltar.
Posted by: Stringer Davis at April 19, 2014 05:57 PM (xq1UY)
Strawberry rhubarb
Blueberry
and FTW French Silk
Posted by: The Hickster at April 19, 2014 05:57 PM (BJpOW)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 05:57 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: Navycopjoe at April 19, 2014 05:58 PM (ZP+K/)
Posted by: Anna Puma (+SmuD) at April 19, 2014 05:58 PM (JgpFm)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:00 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: AltonJackson at April 19, 2014 06:01 PM (KCxzN)
I have been married to Mrs Lester for thirty two years. She knows what I am going to do before I do.
Posted by: Lester at April 19, 2014 06:01 PM (2UPXV)
Posted by: Guido at April 19, 2014 06:02 PM (GYg/s)
Posted by: AltonJackson at April 19, 2014 06:02 PM (KCxzN)
Posted by: Anna Puma (+SmuD) at April 19, 2014 06:03 PM (JgpFm)
Posted by: Rosetta at April 19, 2014 06:03 PM (UIdYL)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:03 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: alexthechick - Oh save us mighty SMOD at April 19, 2014 06:04 PM (dMSj2)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:04 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: sven10077 at April 19, 2014 06:05 PM (TE35l)
Posted by: Guido at April 19, 2014 06:05 PM (GYg/s)
Posted by: Brother Cavil, Cylon/Cetacian hybrid at April 19, 2014 06:06 PM (m9V0o)
Posted by: Navycopjoe at April 19, 2014 06:06 PM (ZP+K/)
Posted by: Guido at April 19, 2014 06:07 PM (GYg/s)
Posted by: tbodie at April 19, 2014 06:07 PM (1s+pS)
Posted by: BCochran1981 - Credible Hulk at April 19, 2014 06:07 PM (GEICT)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:07 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: no good deed at April 19, 2014 06:09 PM (ILBCY)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:10 PM (7yt0b)
Looked at the thermometer outside a couple minutes ago, it's 22 degrees. Way cold for this late in the year.
Everything is barely starting to sprout here. I don't recall the cold nights (below freezing) lasting so far into April in a long time.
HAS to be global warming causing the cold.
Posted by: irongrampa at April 19, 2014 06:10 PM (SAMxH)
Posted by: Capt. Queeg at April 19, 2014 06:11 PM (KCxzN)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:11 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: Zombie John Gotti at April 19, 2014 06:12 PM (zT0DN)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:12 PM (7yt0b)
He's in the wardroom eating cake and ice cream
Posted by: Navycopjoe at April 19, 2014 09:58 PM
You forgot strawberries.[/i]"
And ball bearings...
Posted by: ChrisP at April 19, 2014 06:12 PM (t7HC8)
Posted by: Costanza Defense at April 19, 2014 06:12 PM (ZPrif)
Posted by: bebe's boobs destroy at April 19, 2014 06:13 PM (HkxTP)
Posted by: lindafell at April 19, 2014 06:13 PM (PGO8C)
Posted by: alexthechick - Oh save us mighty SMOD at April 19, 2014 06:13 PM (dMSj2)
He's a navy senior officer
He's in the wardroom eating cake and ice cream
Posted by: Navycopjoe at April 19, 2014 09:58 PM
You forgot strawberries."
And ball bearings...
Posted by: ChrisP at April 19, 2014 06:13 PM (t7HC8)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:14 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: AltonJackson at April 19, 2014 06:14 PM (KCxzN)
Posted by: Zombie John Gotti at April 19, 2014 06:15 PM (zT0DN)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:16 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: nerdygirl at April 19, 2014 06:17 PM (SH7t3)
Posted by: alexthechick - Oh save us mighty SMOD at April 19, 2014 06:17 PM (dMSj2)
Posted by: Niedermeyer's Dead Horse at April 19, 2014 06:18 PM (DmNpO)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:18 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: lindafell at April 19, 2014 06:18 PM (PGO8C)
Posted by: tbodie at April 19, 2014 06:18 PM (1s+pS)
Posted by: AltonJackson at April 19, 2014 06:20 PM (KCxzN)
Posted by: BCochran1981 - Credible Hulk at April 19, 2014 06:20 PM (GEICT)
Posted by: Guido at April 19, 2014 06:20 PM (GYg/s)
Talking on the BBCA show about how C3PO was inspired by Metropolis. The -twitch- comes from them calling the robot Maria when it was Machine Man.
Posted by: Anna Puma (+SmuD) at April 19, 2014 06:21 PM (JgpFm)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:22 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: tbodie at April 19, 2014 06:22 PM (1s+pS)
Posted by: Kindltot at April 19, 2014 06:22 PM (QKJMN)
Posted by: no good deed at April 19, 2014 06:22 PM (ILBCY)
Posted by: Anna Puma (+SmuD) at April 19, 2014 06:23 PM (JgpFm)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:23 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: BCochran1981 - Credible Hulk at April 19, 2014 06:24 PM (GEICT)
Posted by: AltonJackson at April 19, 2014 06:24 PM (KCxzN)
Posted by: tbodie at April 19, 2014 06:24 PM (1s+pS)
Posted by: Guido at April 19, 2014 06:25 PM (GYg/s)
New York/New Jersey Moron Meet-up
Thursday, May 1st
6pm-9pm
West Village
All Morons and their handlers are welcome.
for additional info, email me at:
nynjmeet at optimum dot net
Posted by: CharlieBrown'sDildo at April 19, 2014 06:25 PM (QFxY5)
Posted by: nerdygirl at April 19, 2014 06:26 PM (SH7t3)
Posted by: Guido at April 19, 2014 06:27 PM (GYg/s)
Posted by: Washington Nearsider at April 19, 2014 06:29 PM (Rz4ly)
Posted by: Chavez the Hugo at April 19, 2014 06:29 PM (Q8vlx)
Posted by: ChrisP at April 19, 2014 06:30 PM (t7HC8)
Posted by: BCochran1981 - Credible Hulk at April 19, 2014 06:30 PM (GEICT)
Posted by: Kindltot at April 19, 2014 06:31 PM (QKJMN)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:31 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: BCochran1981 - Credible Hulk at April 19, 2014 06:32 PM (GEICT)
Posted by: Fat Freddy's Cat at April 19, 2014 06:33 PM (OsheA)
You only think Washington Nearsider needs to get out. Kindltot, step away from the keyboard and watch a Godzilla movie like Biolante.
Posted by: Anna Puma (+SmuD) at April 19, 2014 06:33 PM (JgpFm)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:34 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: Anna Puma (+SmuD) at April 19, 2014 06:34 PM (JgpFm)
Posted by: BCochran1981 - Credible Hulk at April 19, 2014 06:35 PM (GEICT)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:36 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: bebe's boobs destroy at April 19, 2014 06:36 PM (HkxTP)
Maybe it's both and SMOD will be delivering candy tomorrow.
Posted by: The Hickster at April 19, 2014 06:36 PM (BJpOW)
"Cochran, what did you think?"
"The most harmless thing I could think of."
"Hey guys look at this!"
"Oh great, we are going to be destroyed by a fifty foot tall Easter bunny."
Posted by: Anna Puma (+SmuD) at April 19, 2014 06:37 PM (JgpFm)
Posted by: nerdygirl at April 19, 2014 06:38 PM (SH7t3)
Posted by: Joe Biden at April 19, 2014 06:38 PM (aDwsi)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:39 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: AmishDude at April 19, 2014 06:40 PM (1UzRc)
Posted by: conanthelibertarian at April 19, 2014 06:40 PM (JdMEP)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:41 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: ParanoidGirlinSeattle at April 19, 2014 06:41 PM (RZ8pf)
Posted by: tbodie at April 19, 2014 06:41 PM (1s+pS)
Posted by: Tammy al-Thor at April 19, 2014 06:42 PM (63X/k)
Posted by: nerdygirl at April 19, 2014 06:43 PM (SH7t3)
Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 06:43 PM (7yt0b)
Posted by: nerdygirl at April 19, 2014 06:46 PM (SH7t3)
Posted by: PaleRider at April 19, 2014 06:46 PM (vL0Nv)
Posted by: nerdygirl at April 19, 2014 06:48 PM (SH7t3)
Posted by: shredded chi at April 19, 2014 06:50 PM (5S3wn)
Posted by: JeanQ at April 19, 2014 06:50 PM (82lr7)
Posted by: loving playoff hockey at April 19, 2014 06:51 PM (08jH8)
Posted by: tbodie at April 19, 2014 06:51 PM (izPgb)
Posted by: nerdygirl at April 19, 2014 06:51 PM (SH7t3)
Posted by: conanthelibertarian at April 19, 2014 10:22 PM (JdMEP)<<<
Oh no. Condolences and prayers for you and yours.
Posted by: loving playoff hockey at April 19, 2014 06:55 PM (08jH8)
Posted by: Ricardo Kill at April 19, 2014 06:59 PM (VOHex)
Posted by: sven10077 at April 19, 2014 06:59 PM (TE35l)
Posted by: cthulhu at April 19, 2014 07:02 PM (T1005)
It grows into Fucking Ginormous Spider, but obviously they can't use that for a title.
Hispanic Sidekick (aka Mexican Robin): So you made an Alien have sex with a spider? These are your people Alex.
Natural socon but playing the race card = no gain. Although he is doing some black actors part.
Posted by: DaveA[/i][/b][/s] at April 19, 2014 09:44 PM (DL2i+)
Posted by: eman at April 19, 2014 10:09 PM (AO9UG)
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Posted by: Vendette at April 19, 2014 05:34 PM (7yt0b)